I agree with Green County. Automatic safe gun practices require constant negative reinforcement in the field. ie dad's backhand and or restrictions, or the drill sergeant wackin you in the helmet and up in your face screaming at you.
I have never had to back hand any one , they get really embarrassed when you just remind them quietly.
I also will complement them when they are going a really good job where that muzzle is like it is glued to the safe direction some one starts walking in front of them and they raise the muzzle with out missing a beat.
in 4-H we get kids at 8 years old pumping an air rifle when your 8 with good muzzle discipline can be hard but they can do it , it is a lot of how exactly to do it not negative , without yelling by telling them what you want and how you want it.
most of those kids are better about putting the safety on after every shot than I am. it is building good muscle memory early.
level that up with air pistol pumping an air pistol again can be a challenge to keep it down range but they mostly do very well with it , we also do air pistol after air rifle and have them to participate in air rifle first. Why , I have a lot more to grab onto when they swing a air rifle headed for a direction other than down range. we put and instructor right next to first year kids till they have the hang of it.
in 4-H because they are young and inexperienced if I see that muzzle coming past about 45* off target I will remind them all the targets are 90 degrees off the firing line.
if it gets near 67* I am grabbing it , telling them to stop or placing a hand on their shoulder that is the only time we touch youth at all is if they are moving into an unsafe zone the blocking the gun or stop is first choice a hand on the shoulder is a full stop don't move it is for safety of you or others.
in 13 years I have not grabbed that many guns and it was almost entirely first year air rifle kids and they didn't even know they were headed that direction and made corrections to it right away and I almost never had to do it twice. if we have a small kid as many first year are a parent or instructor pumps the rifle for them. they go action open , safety on hand it off keeping it down range.
it is always action open safety on before pumping they load the pellet after the gun is charged and directly down range again.
I also demo what the acceptable safe directions are before we get started.
(non 4-H activities)
USPSA/IPSIC/Steel challenge we have a 180 rule that is what we call it at the range your muzzle can not brake that line , I am not going to DQ you till I am sure your broke that line >90* from down strait range because it means you go home for the day , but I will warn you , you are getting close be careful.
I am also not going to stand within about 110 degrees of directly down range from you as the RO and on your dominant side , people almost always break the 180 on the non dominant side and if they do it on the dominant side you see the arm coming.
these are running and gunning activities, shooting on the move , drawing from holsters , navigating obstacles and shooting targets that are some times very close to the the 180.
DQ- dis qualification , the end of your match for the day. There are very specific mandatory DQ actions and events and all of them require match director notification.
things like breaking the 180
finger in the trigger guard while clearing a malfunction.
certain accidental discharges.
drawn or loaded gun before make ready command
I do accept there is a time when it may be acceptable to flag some one on your own team and that time is during an active fire fight and it still isn't good just the lesser evil.
but we are way off topic of hunters ed