I created a prompt in chatgpt and asked it some questions about human health & safety, as well as utility. Here's part of that response (and a picture).
1. Toxicity & Chemical Composition (the main concern)
Osage orange contains flavonoids (notably osajin and pomiferin) and other phenolic compounds that give the heartwood its yellow–orange color and legendary rot resistance.
These compounds are: Antimicrobial, Antifungal, Poorly soluble in water, Not known to be bioaccumulative, Not known to be toxic to humans at incidental exposure levels.
Importantly: The fruit (hedge apple) is mildly irritating to some people’s skin, but the wood itself is not toxic. No peer-reviewed literature documents oral toxicity, endocrine disruption, or carcinogenic risk from contact with the heartwood. Osage orange has been used historically for food-adjacent applications (fence posts, tool handles, mallets, bowls) for over 150 years with no epidemiological red flags. If this were a concern, it would already be well documented — this species is too widely used and studied for it to have gone unnoticed.
2. Extractives & Food Contact Safety
Osage orange heartwood is rich in extractives (≈10–15% by dry weight), which is high — but these are bound in lignin and cell walls and do not readily migrate into food, especially once the wood is: Fully dried, Planed or sanded, Sealed with oil/wax, Even when unsealed, migration would be: Extremely low, Limited to trace phenolics, Comparable or lower than many approved food-contact woods (e.g., oak, walnut)
3. Antimicrobial Properties (a benefit, not a risk)
Several lab studies show Osage orange extractives inhibit: E. coli, Staphylococcus, Listeria, Fungal species,
This puts it in the same category as: Maple, Beech, Oak, Teak (though teak has silica issues for knives). In practical kitchen terms: it is at least as safe as maple, and possibly more hygienic.
4. Mechanical Properties & Knife Safety
Osage orange is: Extremely dense (~0.76–0.85 SG), Very hard (Janka ≈ 2,600 lbf), Fine-grained, Diffuse porous
This means: It resists deep knife grooves (where bacteria hide), It won’t splinter under normal use, It dulls knives slightly faster than maple, but not dangerously so It does not shed harmful dust once cured and cleaned.